Changes in Social and Administrative Systems

The traditional joint family system has largely given way to extended families, influenced by a greater understanding of the benefits of smaller family units and advancements in education. Historically, family disputes were resolved by the head of the family, but this practice has diminished, with individuals often separating from families without needing permission from the family head.

The former 'gami bengiri' administration system, which relied on 'halmaji' and villagers, has been largely replaced. Modern village councils now operate with a structure involving a president, secretary, cashier, and 'halmaji'.

Disputes were traditionally settled within the village or community by figures such as 'gami bengiri' or 'hadungwra' and villagers. Presently, complex disputes that cannot be resolved locally are taken to court. The traditional 'oma sunai' (boycott) as a form of social punishment has been abolished, and the boycott system that remains has become more flexible.