Steps of Decision Making

The program will discuss the steps of decision making. The objectives include understanding the historical background, the contributions of philosophers and psychologists, different decision-making styles, and the various steps involved.

Decision-making dates back to ancient times. In the sixteenth century, figures like René Descartes used the scientific method. Descartes's 'scare model' poses four questions to clarify possible consequences of decisions.

Antonio Damasio's work with brain-damaged patients showed the importance of emotion in decision-making. A patient named Elliott, with damage to his frontal lobe, was unable to make sound decisions after surgery due to a lack of emotional input.

Ward Edwards is known as the father of behavioral decision-making and brought Bayesian statistics to the attention of psychologists. His model of economic men and women was influential. Daniel Kahneman won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2002 for his work on decision-making and uncertainty with Amos Tversky. They developed prospect theory, which explains how people value gains and losses differently.

Classical decision theory takes a more economic approach, assuming individuals can identify and evaluate all alternatives and rationally choose the best option.

Herbert Simon defined decision-making as the alternative course of action. He focused on developing effective and realistic models for decision-makers, describing a model in three phases: intelligence activity, design activity, and choice activity.

Henry Mintzberg's model divides decision-making into three stages: identification (recognizing the need for a decision), development (developing alternatives), and selection (choosing an alternative).

Scott and Bruce define decision-making style as a habitual response pattern. They distinguish between five styles: rational, avoidant, dependent, intuitive, and spontaneous.

According to the rational model, the decision-making process includes six steps: identifying the problem, generating alternatives, evaluating alternatives, choosing an alternative, implementing the decision, and evaluating decision effectiveness. Identifying the problem is the most important step.

The classical approach includes defining the objective, collecting relevant information, generating feasible options, making the decision, assessing risk, and assessing consequences (manifest and latent).

The seven key steps are defining the problem, analyzing the problem, developing alternative solutions, selecting the best alternative, implementing the decision, following up, and monitoring and feedback.

Just Not 2013 considers three stages: identification, building decision components, and implementation.

Mintzberg's model includes identification, development, and selection phases. It highlights the importance of decision control, communication, and political supporting routines. It defines decision as a commitment to a course of action instead of simply a choice.

Attribution theory explains behavior attributed to a person or situation, dividing it into internal and external factors. Rainer advances a three-stage process: perceiving the behavior, believing it was intentional, and determining if the person was forced to perform it. Weiner classified attribution along three casual dimensions: locus of control, stability, and controllability.

The discussion concludes, expressing hope that the viewers enjoyed the presentation.