JUNE 2026 Ultimate Life Science: Biology Regents Review | EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW (whole course)

This unit begins with cell theory, explaining that all living things are made of cells, the basic unit of life. It differentiates between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, highlighting the organized, membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes. Key biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) are discussed, along with their functions. Hormonal regulation (insulin and glucagon) and transport across membranes (diffusion, osmosis, active/passive transport) are also covered. The video also introduces the major body systems and their interconnected roles in maintaining homeostasis.

This section explains photosynthesis in plants (chloroplasts converting sunlight into sugar and oxygen) and cellular respiration in both plants and animals (mitochondria converting glucose and oxygen into ATP, CO2, and water). The concepts of food chains and food webs are introduced, detailing energy transfer and trophic levels. The carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles are explained in the context of Earth's spheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere).

Building on the previous unit, this section delves into population ecology, carrying capacity, and limiting factors (biotic and abiotic). It explores concepts like biodiversity, ecosystem stability, and the negative impact of invasive species. Different types of symbiotic relationships, such as mutualism and parasitism, are defined with examples. The video also addresses human impacts on the environment, including habitat destruction, pollution (climate change and global warming), and the importance of conservation and resource management.

This unit covers the structure of DNA as a double helix composed of nucleotides (A, T, C, G) and its role as the cell's blueprint. Protein synthesis (transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to amino acids) is explained using a codon chart. Cell division through mitosis (identical cell production for replacement/repair) and meiosis (production of genetically distinct sex cells for sexual reproduction) are detailed. Embryonic development, differentiation of cells, and genetic variations are discussed.

Evolution is presented through the lens of natural selection, emphasizing genetic variation, competition, survival of the fittest, reproduction, and adaptation leading to speciation. Evidence for evolution is explored through fossils, anatomical similarities, embryological development, and DNA comparisons. The video also explains phylogenetic trees as a way to visualize evolutionary relationships and common ancestry among species.

The final unit discusses the interactions between living organisms and Earth's systems, highlighting how life influences and depends on ecosystems. It examines how climate influences species distribution and ecosystem function, and the importance of natural resources. The video concludes by reiterating the impact of human activities on ecosystems and environmental conditions, advocating for sustainable practices to meet current and future needs.