Summary
Highlights
This part covers vocabulary related to artificial intelligence and technology, such as 'artificial', 'appliance', 'robot', 'office work', 'housework', 'inaccurate', 'repetitive jobs', 'space exploration', 'specific', 'task', 'perform', 'remotely operated vehicle', 'chore', 'drudgery', 'errand', 'functions', 'workload', 'presenter', 'design', 'literature', 'progress', 'exist', 'frightening', 'expert', 'predict', 'critical thinking', 'science fiction', 'reality', 'employment', 'defeat', 'manufacturers', 'information technology', 'incredible', 'chance', 'improve', 'curriculum', 'diverse', 'useful', 'range', 'creativity', 'mind', 'mental', 'humans', 'skilled', 'global', 'economic', 'culture', 'balance', and 'competitive'. It also includes expressions related to the brain like 'to be the brains', 'in a brain fog', 'brain drain', 'brainchild', 'brainwave', and 'brainy'.
Key prepositions and expressions include 'dream of', 'associate with', 'on the planet', 'manage to', 'take over', 'focus on', 'useful for', 'prepare for', 'know about', 'summarize', 'in favor of', 'according to', and 'on the internet'. Antonyms are presented for 'defeat', 'fiction', 'mentally', 'opponent', 'true', 'unfair', 'academic', 'achievement', 'candidate', 'demonstrate', 'mental', 'ability', 'allow', 'gain', 'qualifications', 'stress', 'critics', 'claim', 'assess', 'level', 'develop', 'measure', 'importance', 'supporter', 'opponent', 'develop', and 'efficiently'. This extensive vocabulary prepares students for a wide range of topics.
Unit 9, titled 'Literature', focuses on literary terms. It begins with 'engraved' (carved into wood, stone, or material), 'revival' (making something strong or popular again), 'epic' (a long poem about a country's history or great figures), 'prose' (written language not in verse), 'literary criticism' (describing good and bad points of literary works), 'literate' (able to read and write), 'privileged' (having advantages most people don't), 'degenerated' (become worse in quality), 'memorize' (learn by heart), 'quest' (a long search for something difficult to find), 'recital' (a public performance of music or poetry), 'preserved' (kept in original state), 'stagnation' (a state of not making progress), 'accumulated' (increased over time), and 'flourished' (developed successfully).
Further vocabulary for Unit 9 includes 'literature', 'types', 'authors', 'force', 'at least', 'renew', 'aristocracy', 'cultural', 'deal with', 'essay', 'subjects', 'heroism', 'versions', 'destruction', 'translate', 'reflect', 'importance', 'devices', 'forms', 'recognize', 'philosophy', 'available', 'impact', 'publication', 'cost', 'access', 'legends', 'influence', 'sales', 'revolution', 'essential', 'opportunity', 'champion', 'traditional', 'sign', 'rapid', 'trophy', 'screenwriter', 'produce', 'styles', 'limited', 'spreading', 'fade', 'fall', 'squares', 'communication', 'period', 'wars', 'underwent', 'set up', 'Arab scholars', 'knowledge', 'collect', 'immediate', 'carved', 'employ', 'publishing', 'quality', 'leader', 'establish', 'industry', 'works', 'consequences', 'improvements', 'decreased', 'decisions', 'council', 'exotic', 'editors', 'familiar', 'science fiction', 'mystery', 'contract', 'performance', 'investigations', 'discoveries', 'Roman Empire', 'dramatically', 'eternal life', 'disaster', 'House of Wisdom', 'progress', 'technological', 'sudden', 'Renaissance', 'digital information', 'development', 'Islamic Empire', 'Dark Ages', 'upper classes', 'social groups', 'pastime', 'wealthy', 'repeated phrases', 'printing press', 'characteristics', 'remains', 'condition', 'educational standards', 'wealth', 'action scenes', 'destinations', 'original state', 'collaborators', 'progress', 'folktales', 'investments', 'detective stories', 'detective', 'section', 'supplement', and 'challenges'.
This segment introduces specific terms for different types of books and parts of a book, such as 'anthology', 'biography', 'novel', 'reference book', 'textbook', 'travel guide', 'bibliography', 'index', 'acknowledgements', 'contents page', 'blurb', 'glossary', 'appendix', and 'footnote'. It also reviews literary concepts like 'genre', 'would-be', 'plot', 'turning point', 'climax', and 'redemption'. Informal reading habits ('flick through', 'from cover to cover', 'look up') and common phrases ('all over the world', 'as a result of', 'not surprisingly', 'a turning point', 'as a means of') are also covered. The section concludes with a grammar lesson on relative clauses (relative pronouns like 'who', 'which', 'where', 'when', 'whose', and 'whom'), explaining their usage and when they can be omitted or combined with prepositions.
Unit 8 delves into mixed conditionals, which combine elements from different conditional types to express hypothetical situations. The main focus is on mixing the second and third conditionals, where the time reference in the 'if' clause differs from the main clause. For example, an 'if' clause with a past simple (unreal present) can be combined with a main clause using 'would have + past participle' (unreal past), or an 'if' clause with a past perfect (unreal past) can be combined with a main clause using 'would + infinitive' (unreal present). The key is to match the time frame of the hypothetical situation in each clause.
This section explains how to express wishes and regrets using 'I wish' and 'if only'. To express a wish about the present, the past simple or past continuous is used. For wishes about the past, the past perfect is employed. For wishes about the future (often involving a change in someone's behavior or a future event), 'would' or 'could' followed by the infinitive is used. These structures allow speakers to talk about desired changes in real or hypothetical situations across different time frames.
Unit 8's vocabulary includes terms related to sports, achievements, and personal qualities. Examples are 'winning streak', 'backfired', 'under', 'overnight', 'down to earth', 'in the limelight', 'appeals to', 'admiration', 'escalate', 'combat', 'prodigy', 'podium', 'call people names', 'fame', 'provoked', 'trophy', 'achieve', 'manage', 'talent', 'accompanied', 'a draw', 'discover', 'success', 'dive', 'come true', 'competition', 'experience', 'compete', 'select', 'talented', 'represent', 'British', 'diving final', 'exceptional', 'performance', 'media star', 'encourage', 'return', 'explain', 'environment', 'normal', 'appear', 'situation', 'worsen', 'empty', 'bullying', 'celebrity', 'provide', 'suffer', 'attention', 'furthermore', 'opinion', 'victory', 'happen', 'demonstrate', 'championship', 'affect', 'concert', 'shy', 'attribute to', 'tormentor', 'pick on', 'pose', 'entertain', 'confidence', 'victim', 'defend', 'recommend', 'improve', 'consequences', 'push', 'insecure', 'solution', 'runner-up', 'the world number one', 'front runner', 'the victor', 'handstand', 'press-up', 'sit-up', 'squat thrust', 'stretching', 'coach', 'train', 'warm-up', 'practice', 'track', 'race', 'season', 'win', 'beat', 'break the record', 'attempt', and 'trainer'. Idioms and expressions such as 'on the ball', 'on this score', 'as far as s.th is concerned', 'sail through', 'a level playing field', 'self-reliant', and 'spill the beans' are also introduced.
The video starts with an introduction to the Aim High 4 curriculum for third-grade preparatory students, emphasizing its importance for exams. The instructor then dives into Unit 6, focusing on key vocabulary and their definitions, such as 'proposition', 'launch', 'branches', 'subscribers', 'role', 'lucrative', 'persist', 'aim at', 'consultancy', 'pay off', 'invent', 'recruit', 'capital', 'manufacturers', 'intensive', 'potential', 'strategy', 'market', 'collaborate', and 'entrepreneur'.
This segment expands on Unit 6 vocabulary, covering words like 'image', 'involved in', 'recipe', 'flavor', 'tasty', 'neighborhood', 'realize', 'various', 'project', 'obviously', 'concerned', 'publish', 'enthusiasm', 'vote', 'attractive', 'risk', 'shelf', 'chain', 'donate', 'charity', 'client', 'mainstream', 'media', 'edit', 'produce', 'applicant', 'youth', 'economic forum', 'edition', 'article', 'contributor', 'graphic designer', 'success', 'discover', 'worth', 'firm', 'staff', 'executive', 'colleague', 'qualifications', 'local newspaper', 'global', 'seaside', 'abroad', 'exhausted', 'military training', 'products', 'fashion', 'required', 'cost', 'sales', 'decision', 'expect', and 'tasks'. It also introduces phrasal verbs such as 'branch out', 'take over', 'cut back', 'come up with', 'turn down', 'pull out of', 'get ahead', and 'take on', along with journalism-related terms like 'article', 'caption', 'column', 'review', 'classified ad', 'obituary', 'headline', and 'supplement'.
The discussion continues with idioms and expressions like 'a jar of jam', 'take a risk', 'a wide range of', 'run a business', 'make a decision', and 'boot camp'. Essential prepositions and their usage are covered, including 'at the age of', 'in the north of', 'deal with', 'aim at', 'take up', 'at least', 'apply for', 'provide with', 'anxious about', 'focus on', and 'dream of'. The segment also lists antonyms (e.g., 'enormous' vs. 'tiny', 'risk' vs. 'safety', 'global' vs. 'local') and synonyms (e.g., 'take on' = 'employ', 'turn down' = 'refuse', 'cut down' = 'reduce').
This section explains reported speech, differentiating between direct and indirect speech. It outlines a three-step process for converting direct speech to indirect speech: changing reporting verbs (e.g., 'said to' to 'told'), removing quotation marks and using 'that' as a connector, and adjusting pronouns, tenses, and time/place adverbs. The rule for tense changes typically involves shifting one step back in time (present to past, past to past perfect). Exceptions to tense changes are also discussed, such as general truths, habits, future events, and immediate actions.
The segment on reported questions details how to convert direct questions into indirect ones. For yes/no questions, 'asked', 'wondered', 'enquired', or 'wanted to know' are used, and 'if' or 'whether' replace quotation marks. The question structure is then changed to a statement. For WH-questions, the WH-word itself acts as the connector, and the question is rephrased as a statement, with tenses also shifting backward.
Unit 7 introduces vocabulary related to intelligence, including 'bring up', 'potential', 'convinced', 'mental', 'strengthen', 'hereditary', 'intellect', 'confirm', 'adhere', 'passed on', 'lack', 'surroundings', 'innate', 'flaw', 'proof', 'prodigy', 'virtuoso', 'bossy', 'pressurize', 'outstanding', and 'frustrating'. It also covers words like 'identical twins', 'nurture', 'seriously', 'discover', 'product', 'improve', 'conclude', 'genes', 'effect/affect', 'dominate', 'scatter-brained', 'ignorant', 'genius', 'skills', 'graduate', 'first class', 'expert', 'intelligence', 'measure', 'average', 'ancestors', 'theory', 'succeed in', 'adopt', 'researcher', 'interview', 'results', 'achieve', 'wise', 'talent', 'income', 'pressure', 'consequences', 'lifetime', 'adulthood', 'generation', 'belief', 'inherit', 'provide', 'reason', 'capable', 'opportunities', 'pioneer', 'incompetent', 'education', 'gifted', 'witty', 'role', 'degree', 'do your best', 'make money', 'IQ test', 'draft', 'formula', 'knowledge', 'legible', 'plagiarize', 'quotations', 'rote learning', and 'sitting an exam'.
This part focuses on phrasal verbs such as 'get through' (succeed/pass), 'tide over' (succeed/pass), 'pick up' (learn), 'work out' (find an answer), 'turn up' (appear/show), 'leave out' (omit), and 'swot up on' (study intensively). It also lists synonyms for terms related to wisdom, skill, and memory, and antonyms for words like 'incompetent', 'ignorant', 'scatter-brained', 'gifted', 'wise', and 'witty'. Key prepositions are also covered, including 'have an effect on', 'succeed in', 'seem to', 'passed on', 'input into', 'adhere to', 'a flaw in', 'provided with', 'sets of', 'brought up', 'reason for', 'carry out', 'graduate from', 'worry about', 'do without', 'get to', 'make the best of', 'interact with', 'good at', 'at the age of', 'aware of', 'except for', 'prepare for', 'born with', 'tell about', and 'catch up with'.
This section explains subject and object questions. Subject questions directly ask about the doer of the action (the subject), and they generally do not use an auxiliary verb after the question word. Object questions, on the other hand, ask about the recipient of the action (the object) and follow the standard question structure with a question word, auxiliary verb, subject, and main verb. The key distinction lies in the presence or absence of an auxiliary verb directly after the question word.
Question tags are introduced as short questions added to the end of a statement to seek confirmation. The main rule is to use the opposite polarity of the main statement (positive statement, negative tag; negative statement, positive tag) and to use the same auxiliary verb and pronoun from the statement. Special cases are also discussed, such as 'I am' becoming 'aren't I', 'let's' becoming 'shall we', imperative sentences using 'will you', and statements containing negative words like 'seldom', 'never', or 'hardly' requiring a positive tag. Statements beginning with 'I think' or 'I believe' take the tag from the second clause, while 'I don't think/believe' make the tag from the second clause positive.