Summary
Highlights
Windows 1.0 launched in 1985 as a graphical shell for MS-DOS, not a standalone OS. It was criticized for its system demands and reliance on a mouse. Windows 2.0 (1987) introduced overlapping windows and 256 colors, also marking the debut of Word and Excel. The 2.1 variant (1988) was the first to require a hard drive.
Windows 3.0 (1990) brought significant improvements, including better multitasking, a GUI based on icons, CD-ROM and sound support, and games like Minesweeper. Windows 3.1 (1992) added drag-and-drop icons and TrueType fonts. Windows NT 3.1 (1993) introduced a new, separate kernel, marking a fundamental architectural change that forms the basis of modern Windows versions.
Windows 95 (1995), though still running on DOS, established Windows as a full operating system with the familiar Start Menu and taskbar. Windows NT 4.0 (1996) adopted the Windows 95 GUI. Windows 98 (1998) aimed for better internet integration but was buggy, leading to the 98 Second Edition (1999). Windows 2000, an NT version, was more stable but had security flaws. Windows ME (2000) was a highly unstable "mistake edition," leading to the permanent discontinuation of DOS-based Windows.
Windows XP (2001) was a legendary release, bringing NT and NTFS to home users, offering stability and a pleasant GUI. Its popularity lasted until 2009, partly due to the failure of Windows Vista (2007). Vista introduced a modernized GUI but suffered from onerous DRM, hardware compatibility issues, and driver problems.
Windows 7 (2009) was visually similar to Vista but significantly more stable and popular. Windows 8 (2012) was confusing for desktop users, attempting to shoehorn a tablet-geared OS onto desktops, removing the Start button and menu. Windows 8.1 (2013) restored these features. Windows 10 (2015) scrapped the Start screen and is designed as a continuously updated service, intended to be the last version of Windows.