Communication Channels

Formal communication channels are official systems for transmitting organizationally approved messages, including objectives, rules, policies, procedures, instructions, commands, and requests. These channels are categorized into downward, upward, and horizontal communication.

Downward communication flows from higher to lower levels of the organization. It is used to issue orders, provide job-related information, give performance reviews, and clarify organizational objectives and goals.

Upward communication flows from lower to higher levels. Its purposes include providing feedback on operations and issues, helping managers assess performance, encouraging participation in decision-making, and allowing lower-level employees to share concerns with higher authorities.

Horizontal communication occurs among managers and workers at the same organizational level. It facilitates coordination and cooperation between different parts of the company and enables co-workers to share relevant information.

The informal communication channel, or grapevine, involves the transmission of messages between employees outside formal channels. It typically arises from employees' curiosity about organizational happenings and how they might be affected.

The grapevine includes 'gossip chains', where one individual shares information with many, and 'cluster chains', where individuals tell a few friends. Despite some beliefs that grapevines are unreliable, studies show they are highly accurate due to rapid spread, face-to-face communication allowing feedback, and the ability for information to be verified by others.

Managers should avoid withholding information or punishing employees who share information via the grapevine, as this can be counterproductive.