UP TALKS | Interaction of Science, Technology and Society Through Time

The speaker introduces the complex interaction between science, technology, and society. Science is defined as a structured approach to understanding nature, technology as the ability to control or modify nature for practical applications, and society as people with values, morals, and priorities. Society acts as both the creator and end-user of STS, and also imposes constraints.

The interaction of STS varies based on geography, ethnology, and time. Different societies, such as highly religious or industrialized ones, exhibit distinct STS interactions. Global affairs also dictate societal priorities, significantly impacting the appropriation of science and technology.

This period, characterized by Aristotelian philosophy, saw a simple science with four elements. The primary societal force was the Church, with Thomas Aquinas synthesizing Aristotelian philosophy with church teachings. This led to a stagnation of scientific growth for nearly two millennia, as questioning science was akin to questioning religion.

The first Industrial Revolution in England involved advancements in power generation (steam engines using coal), new materials like steel, mechanics (Newton), and economics (Adam Smith). Technology included machines for mining, manufacturing, construction, transportation (railways), and communication. England's abundance of coal, capital from its colonies, and the necessity to cope with demand (e.g., in the textile industry) enabled this revolution. Outcomes included England's rise as a global power, cultural shifts, and the emergence of pollution due to fossil fuel burning.

This case focuses on genetics and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) as a food source. Societal concerns revolve around food security and health risks. Proponents argue GMOs address food security by increasing yields and pest resistance (e.g., salt-tolerant rice). Health concerns stem from a lack of understanding or definitive studies, while proprietary ownership of GMO seeds raises ethical issues for farmers. Societal responses vary, with some countries allowing GMOs with disclosure (e.g., the US) and others restricting them (e.g., Russia, the Philippines).

Modern times allow easier access to scientific results via social media, which can be both good and bad. There's a tendency for society to be consumers of technology rather than producers of science. The interaction of STS is likened to a driver (society) with the brain (science) and the automobile (technology). Society ultimately dictates which science and technology are adopted and how they are utilized, based on its priorities, fears, and characteristics. Science offers infinite possibilities, but society provides the 'boundary conditions' that shape its application for beneficial outcomes.