Introduction to Volcanoes

Volcanoes are mountains that grow, shape-shift, bubble, explode, and spew out lava. They act like a chimney, creating a link between the earth's surface and the hot liquid below the crust. This liquid is called magma when underground and lava when it reaches the surface.

Leading up to an eruption, magma rises from a chamber and moves up the main vent of the volcano. It expands and creates pressure due to gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur, and hydrogen chloride. This pressure builds until the magma escapes through the crater and sometimes side vents.

Contrary to common belief, volcanoes come in many shapes and sizes, not just the typical cone shape. Examples include wide flat plateau volcanoes, fissure vents, and dome volcanoes. They can also be found in unexpected places like on the ocean floor and under ice caps. The biggest non-volcano, however, is on Mars.

The Romans named volcanoes after 'Vulcan', their god of fire, deeming it appropriate for the fiery mountains.