Summary
Highlights
Malware is any software designed to disrupt computers, leak information, or gain unauthorized access. Viruses replicate by modifying other programs, causing system failure, data corruption, and resource waste. Worms are standalone programs that spread across networks, relying on security failures to infect other computers, often consuming bandwidth rather than altering files.
A Trojan horse disguises itself as a legitimate program, spreading through social engineering and causing damage depending on its specific payload. Malvertising uses legitimate websites to spread malware without user interaction, often exploiting vulnerabilities in ad networks. Remote Access Trojans (RATs) allow hackers to remotely control a computer, record activities, or log keystrokes to steal personal information.
Backdoors bypass security measures for unauthorized access, allowing cybercriminals to steal data or install more malware. Rootkits provide remote access and control, often deactivating antivirus software and being difficult to remove. Spyware secretly gathers personal data like browsing history, passwords, and emails, sending it to attackers.
Keyloggers record every keystroke to steal sensitive information such as passwords. Ransomware blocks access to data or encrypts files, demanding payment for their release. Fileless malware resides only in computer memory, making it hard to detect and leaving minimal evidence, often designed for quick data gathering and deletion upon reboot.
Adware installs without consent, displaying unwanted advertisements and sometimes acting as spyware. RAM scrapers target point-of-sale systems to steal credit card information. DDoS attacks overwhelm a target computer or network with traffic from multiple sources, making it unavailable to legitimate users.
Browser hijacking changes browser settings without permission, injecting ads or altering homepages. Cryptojacking secretly uses a computer's resources to mine cryptocurrencies, slowing down the system and potentially damaging hardware. Rogue security software tricks users into paying for fake malware removal tools that install actual malware.
Phishing scams deceive individuals into revealing sensitive information through fake emails, websites, or phone calls. Hybrid malware combines two or more malware types in a single attack. Brute force attacks systematically guess passwords until the correct one is found, with longer passwords being more resistant.
Wiper malware erases a computer's memory, destroying all useful information. Social engineering is the psychological manipulation of people to divulge confidential information or perform actions, often used to facilitate the installation of malware or gain unauthorized access without technical means.