Summary
Highlights
In ancient and Byzantine cultures, mosaics were architectural features, not independent artworks, usually found in public buildings like baths, and private elite homes. They served as floors, meaning viewers' perceptions changed as they moved through a room.
Mosaics are made from thousands of small tiles called tesserae. The materials used for tesserae varied, often depending on local availability and the mosaic's intended location.
Floor mosaics required durable materials to withstand foot traffic. Colored limestone was common, with mosaicists often using scraps from builders and sculptors. Marble and granite were more costly and acquired through empire-wide trade networks.
Mosaicists also sought materials for specific colors and visual effects. Terracotta provided good reds and yellows. Glass tesserae, though more fragile, were used on walls and ceilings to reflect and refract light, creating a sparkling effect. Semi-precious stones and mother of pearl added luminosity and texture.
The art of mosaic making is still practiced today, using tools, materials, and techniques nearly identical to those employed by ancient craftsmen.