Summary
Highlights
Modern computers typically use either a 32-bit or 64-bit operating system, which refers to the CPU's ability to process information and its total addressable memory space. A 32-bit processor can reference 4 gigabytes of memory, while a 64-bit processor can theoretically reference 17 quintillion gigabytes, allowing for much larger memory capacities and improved performance. Hardware drivers must be specific to the operating system's bit architecture (32-bit or 64-bit). In Intel processors, 32-bit is often called x86 and 64-bit is x64.
A 32-bit operating system cannot run 64-bit applications, but a 64-bit operating system can usually run 32-bit applications. On Windows, 32-bit applications are typically installed in 'Program Files (x86)' and 64-bit applications in 'Program Files'.
ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) is a popular CPU architecture known for its efficiency, low power consumption, and minimal heat generation. ARM Limited designs the specifications and licenses them to third parties. Approximately 99% of mobile phones use ARM processors, and they are increasingly found in desktop and laptop computers.
CPUs often contain multiple individual processors called 'cores'. A processor might be described as an 8-core or 16-core. Each core typically includes an individual CPU and its own cache memory. Having multiple cores allows a CPU to perform multiple instructions simultaneously, significantly increasing computing efficiency.