Language - Psychology 2e

Language is a communication system using words and systematic rules to organize them for transmitting information. While all language is communication, not all communication is language. Key components of language include a lexicon (vocabulary) and grammar (rules for meaning). Grammar encompasses phonemes (basic sound units), morphemes (smallest units of meaning), semantics (deriving meaning), and syntax (word organization in sentences). Humans use these components to communicate about concrete and abstract concepts, express thoughts, and share instructions.

Children master language quickly, supporting the idea of a biological predisposition to acquire language, and suggesting a critical period for acquisition. Newborns show preferences for their mother's voice and discriminate languages. Language development progresses through stages: reflexive communication (0–8 months), intentional communication (8–13 months), first words (12–18 months), simple two-word sentences (18–24 months), three-or-more-word sentences (2–3 years), and complex sentences/conversations (3–5 years). The case of Genie highlights the importance of the critical period, as she struggled with grammar despite acquiring vocabulary. Babies initially discriminate all human phonemes but lose this ability by age one, focusing on those in their environment. The babbling stage involves repeated single syllables. Children's early vocabulary often focuses on familiar objects, and they demonstrate understanding of grammatical rules, sometimes through overgeneralization (e.g., 'two gooses').

The relationship between language and thought is a significant area of psychological study. Sapir and Whorf proposed linguistic determinism, suggesting language shapes thought, though this view is now considered too absolute. Differences in language, such as the Portuguese word 'saudade' which has no single English equivalent, illustrate how specific words might reflect unique cultural concepts. Research indicates language can influence thinking; for instance, English and Mandarin Chinese speakers' differing spatial metaphors for time affect their speed in recognizing temporal relationships in cognitive tests. However, studies on color perception (like the Dani people having only two color words) suggest that while language can influence perception, especially in the brain's left hemisphere, it doesn't limit the ability to distinguish between concepts.