Summary
Highlights
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the smaller airways, like bronchi and bronchioles. While incurable, it can be managed with medication.
Triggered by allergens, the smooth muscles around airways constrict, and goblet cells produce excess mucus, causing airway obstruction, air trapping, and potentially respiratory acidosis.
Asthma triggers include smoke, pet dander, cold air, exercise, and certain medications. Patients should recognize early warning signs such as night coughing and reduced peak flow readings.
Active attacks present with wheezing, chest tightness, and rapid breathing. Severe cases require emergency intervention, including supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation.
Nurses should monitor vital signs, keep the patient in high-fowler's position, assess lung sounds, and facilitate the use of action plans and peak flow meters.
Bronchodilators like albuterol provide quick relief in acute attacks, while long-acting versions and anticholinergics serve as controllers to maintain airway patency.
Corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and immunomodulators like omalizumab are used for long-term control. Patients must be educated on correct inhaler use to prevent side effects like thrush.