Cell Structures and Their Functions

Introduction to the eukaryotic cell structure, the role of organelles, and the cell theory—emphasizing that all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the functional unit of life, and all cells derive from pre-existing cells.

Explanation of the plasma membrane as a phospholipid bilayer that exhibits selective permeability, regulating what enters and exits the cell based on size, charge, and solubility.

Overview of passive transport, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, all of which move substances along a concentration gradient without the expenditure of cellular energy (ATP).

Detailed discussion on osmosis, osmotic pressure, and the clinical importance of understanding how isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions affect cell volume and patient hydration.

Examination of active transport, which requires ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient, focusing on the sodium-potassium pump, unporters, simporters, and antiporters.

Overview of endocytosis and exocytosis as vesicular transport methods for large molecules, finalizing with a summary of the energy demands of various cellular transport processes.