Sickle Cell Anemia NCLEX Review

Definition and Pathophysiology00:00:17

Sickle cell anemia involves abnormal hemoglobin S which causes red blood cells to become stiff, sticky, and sickle-shaped under low-oxygen conditions. These cells block blood flow and have a shorter lifespan, leading to anemia and organ damage.

Genetics and Diagnosis00:04:19

The condition is autosomal recessive, requiring the inheritance of the hemoglobin S gene from both parents. Diagnosis is typically done through newborn screening, the Thionite (SickleDex) test, and confirmed via hemoglobin electrophoresis.

Sickle Cell Crisis Triggers00:10:17

Crisis triggers can be remembered by the acronym SICKLE: Significant blood loss, Illness, Climbing/flying to high altitudes, Keeping stress high, Low fluid intake (dehydration), and Elevated temperature/extreme cold.

Nursing Interventions and Management00:15:07

Nursing care focuses on hydration (IV fluids), oxygenation, and aggressive round-the-clock pain management. Important considerations include avoiding cold compresses, preventing infection via vaccinations and antibiotics, and monitoring for complications like acute chest syndrome, strokes, and gallstones.

Medications and Treatments00:23:14

Hydroxyurea is used to stimulate fetal hemoglobin production to reduce sickling and the need for transfusions. Stem cell transplants are a potential cure but are rare due to the difficulty in finding a matching donor.