Video 1: Heart failure pathophysiology

Introduction to Heart Failure00:00:36

Heart failure is defined as a clinical syndrome rather than a single disease, occurring when the heart cannot pump sufficient blood to meet bodily demands, often due to underlying conditions like coronary artery disease or hypertension.

Classifying Heart Failure00:01:24

Heart failure is categorized by ejection fraction: HFrEF (40% or less), HFmrEF (41-49%), and HFpEF (50% or higher). HFpEF specifically requires evidence of structural abnormalities and raised natriuretic peptides.

Neuro-hormonal Pathways and Mechanism00:02:15

HFrEF involves a vicious cycle of maladaptive remodeling driven by the activation of the RAAS and sympathetic nervous systems, which are targeted by common pharmacological therapies.

Clinical Burden and Symptoms00:04:39

With nearly a million people affected in the UK, heart failure has high mortality and hospital admission costs. Key symptoms include breathlessness, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, and peripheral edema.