Earth and Life Science: Physical and Chemical Properties of Minerals

Defining Minerals and the NICOS Mnemonic00:01:12

Minerals are defined by the acronym NICOS: Naturally occurring, Inorganic, Crystalline solid, Ordered arrangement of atoms, and Specific chemical composition. Rocks differ from minerals as they can be organic and are mixtures of various minerals.

Physical Properties for Identification00:03:17

Scientists identify minerals using physical properties such as color (often unreliable), streak (color in powdered form), hardness (Mohs scale), cleavage and fracture (patterns of breaking), luster (light reflection), and specific gravity.

Chemical Classification00:07:34

Minerals are categorized by their chemical makeup, including silicates, oxides, sulfates, sulfites, carbonates, native elements, and halides.

Practical Applications00:08:36

Minerals are essential in everyday life, serving as the foundation for construction materials, metal manufacturing, battery production, jewelry, and everyday items like pencil graphite.