Summary
Highlights
This section introduces the topic of Philippine literature during the period of activism, which occurred from the late 1960s to the early 1970s, before martial law was declared in 1972. It highlights literature as a powerful tool for expressing grievances and struggles against corruption, oppression, and poverty under the Marcos administration.
The literature of this period was critical and protest-oriented, tackling social issues like poverty, corruption, violence, and injustice. It was radical and revolutionary, focusing on nationalist, pro-masses, and anti-imperialist themes. Filipino and indigenous languages were used to foster national unity, and poetry and plays with protest themes were popular.
The period of activism intensified from 1970 to 1972, with youth, particularly students from the University of the Philippines, leading calls for government change. Rallies addressed imperialism, feudalism, and fascism, leading to the declaration of martial law in 1972. Key terms like imperialism (expansion of power), feudalism (land ownership issues), and fascism (dictatorship) were prevalent.
Youth expressed their rebelliousness through typewriters, pencils, and painted placards, giving rise to the 'bloodied placard' era. English, Spanish, and street slang were borrowed, reflecting dissatisfaction with the government. Literature exposed societal and political corruption, with notable young writers including Rolando Tinho, Rogelio Mangahas, and Efren Abweg.
Poetry during this period focused on observing and analyzing the state of the nation, exposing corruption in leadership, and often used harsh language. Collections of poems included 'Mga A ng Panahon' (1970) by Alejandro Q. Perez, 'Kalikasan' (1970) by Anesito Silvestre, 'Peregrinasyon at Iba Pang Tula' (1970) by Rio Alma, 'Sitsit sa Kuliglig' (1972) by Rolando Estino, and 'Mga Gintong Kaisipan' (1972) by Gondo Esgera.
Writers were daring in their subjects and character dialogue, using simple and realistic language. Famous novels included 'Daluyong' by Lazaro Francisco, 'Luha ng Buwaya' by Amado V. Hernandez, 'Dugo sa Bukang Liwayway' by Rogelio Sikat, and 'Sa Mga Kuko ng Liwanag' by Edgardo Reyes. Notable short stories included 'Banyaga' by Liwayway Arceo and 'Impeng' by Rogelio Sikat.
This era saw the rise of explicit 'bomb' films and sexually suggestive comics, often portraying nudity. Despite this being a dark period in history, literature continued to thrive through various mediums, indicating a glimmer of hope and continuous expression.
Studying activist literature is crucial because it reflects history, showing the anger, resentment, and hope of the populace during a crisis. It serves as a lesson on the value of free expression and literature's power against oppression. It deepens social awareness, encourages critical thinking, and recognizes the bravery of Filipino youth in driving change, ensuring the spirit of nationalism and justice continues across generations.