Summary
Highlights
This is a two-way, interactive model where both sender and receiver are highly involved. It gives importance to feedback as an essential element, suggesting that communication is not truly happening without it. It involves a collaborative exchange of messages, with roles switching, aiming for mutual understanding. This model acknowledges that barriers (noise) can interfere with the process, affecting the sender, receiver, and message at any point.
The video introduces the topic of different communication models, explaining how these models view communication throughout history. It lists several models to be discussed, including Aristotelian, Shannon-Weaver, Lasswell, Schramm, Berlo, White, Dance, Symbolic Interaction, and Speech Communication models.
This model, proposed by Aristotle, is the most basic and earliest, developed during ancient Greece. It consists of three elements: speaker, speech (message), and audience (listener). It's a one-way model where the speaker plays a vital role in influencing the audience, still observable in situations like traditional classroom settings or public speaking where the speaker aims to captivate listeners.
Known as the 'mother of all communication models,' it was originally designed for telephone communication by Shannon and Weaver. While still a one-way, linear model, its significant contribution was identifying 'noise' as a factor that affects communication. Noise can be environmental or other disruptions, influencing the clarity of the message.
Proposed by Harold Lasswell in 1948, this verbal model also describes a one-way, linear process. Its uniqueness lies in its focus on communication's function in society through five key questions: 'Who says what in what channel to whom with what effect?' Lasswell identified three functions to society: surveillance (alerting to threats), correlation (forming meaningful responses), and cultural transmission (passing down values and norms). The COVID-19 pandemic serves as a modern example.
Wilbur Schramm's model is the first to capture the notion of process and interaction, describing communication as a constant, cyclical process. It involves an encoder sending a message to a decoder, who then interprets and encodes a response back to the original sender, creating an ongoing loop of interaction.
David Berlo's model (1960) focuses on the encoding and decoding processes. SMCR stands for Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver. Berlo emphasizes considering characteristics of each element: for the Source/Receiver (communication skills, attitudes, knowledge, social system, culture), for the Message (content, elements, treatment, structure, code), and for the Channel (senses used to perceive the message, e.g., sight, hearing, touch).
This model implies a step-by-step sequence of events in communication, emphasizing that communication is a systemic process. The sequence includes thinking, symbolizing, expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, feedbacking, and monitoring. This model argues that one must go through all steps sequentially without skipping any.
Advanced by Frank Dance and represented by a spiral or helix, this model suggests that communication evolves and changes dynamically over time. It moves in a cyclical fashion, going forward but also circling back on itself. The core idea is that past communication influences future communication and behavior, as seen in how childhood experiences shape adult interactions.
This model reflects communication as a dynamic process where communicators construct personal meanings through symbolic interactions, interpreting messages differently based on their background and situation. Any interaction can serve as a starting point for future interactions, determining whether relationships continue or cease.