Summary
Highlights
Overview of the curriculum, explaining that this unit is dense with terminology and requires a methodical approach, such as using information cards, as exams often focus on factual knowledge rather than interpretation.
Analysis of the transition from colonialism to mandates, the role of the League of Nations, the US 'Monroe Doctrine' (isolationism), and the emergence of new ideologies: Nazism in Germany, Fascism in Italy, and Communism in the USSR.
Explanation of the Bolshvik Revolution, the transition from Tsarist Russia to the USSR under Lenin and later Stalin, the NEP plan, and the Soviet desire for warm-water ports, which remains a geopolitical factor.
Focus on the resistance of Turkic peoples against Russian expansion, featuring key figures like Sheikh Shamil (the 'Eagle of the Caucasus') and movements like 'Caucasus Muridism'.
Discussion of the Basmachi Movement as a struggle for independence, the role of Enver Pasha and Nuri Killigil Pasha (commander of the Caucasus Islamic Army), and the intellectual contributions of Ismail Gasprinsky, Yusuf Akçura, and Zeki Velidi Togan.