Summary
Highlights
An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical and electrical system. They are incredibly common, with 98% of all processors manufactured being for embedded systems. An early example is the Apollo guidance computer.
Embedded systems vary widely, from portable devices like digital watches and MP3 players to large installations such as traffic lights, factory controllers, hybrid vehicles, MRI machines, and avionics. Examples mentioned include hospital instruments, car engine management systems, and digital clocks.
Modern embedded systems often use microcontrollers (CPUs with integrated memory) or microprocessors for more complex systems. They are custom-designed for their specific applications, prioritizing low power consumption, small size, rugged operating systems, and low per-unit cost, though this can make them harder to program due to limited processing resources.
Because embedded systems are dedicated to specific tasks, engineers can optimize them to reduce size and cost, and increase reliability and performance. Mass-produced embedded systems, like coffee machines, also benefit from economies of scale.
In summary, an embedded system is a dedicated computer system within a larger mechanical system. They are known for low power consumption, small size, rugged operating ranges, and low cost. Common examples include traffic lights, domestic appliances, factory equipment, engine management systems, and hospital equipment.