Erik Erikson's theory outlines eight stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan, each presenting a conflict that shapes personality. Successful resolution leads to specific psychological strengths, while failure results in feelings of inadequacy.

Infants develop trust based on consistent care. Inconsistent care leads to mistrust and a belief that the world is unpredictable. Successfully balancing trust and mistrust results in hope.

Toddlers gain autonomy through independence and control. Shame and doubt arise from struggles and discouragement. A balance leads to will, the ability to act with intention.

Preschoolers develop initiative through self-directed play. Discouragement leads to guilt. Success results in a sense of purpose.

School-aged children develop a sense of competence through social interaction and academic activities. Discouragement leads to inferiority. A balance results in competence and belief in one's abilities.

Adolescents explore identities to form a personal identity. Confusion results in insecurity. Success leads to fidelity, the ability to live by society's standards.

Young adults form intimate relationships. Failure leads to isolation. Success results in love and meaningful relationships.

Middle-aged adults create or nurture things that will outlast them. Failure leads to feeling disconnected. Success results in a sense of purpose.

Older adults reflect on their lives. Fulfillment leads to peace and wisdom, while regret leads to despair.

Criticisms include lack of specificity regarding conflict resolution. Strengths include a broad framework for lifespan development and emphasis on social relationships.