Richard Hakluyt's Discourse Concerning Western Planting (1584)

Religious and Economic Motivations

Hakluyt justifies colonization by framing it as a mission to spread the Gospel and a necessary step to secure English trade. He argues that existing trade routes under Spanish control are dangerous for English merchants, who often face religious persecution abroad. Establishing American colonies would provide new access to goods from Africa, Asia, and Europe, effectively reviving the English economy and providing employment for the nation's idle population.

Countering Spanish Influence

A major portion of the document focuses on undermining the Spanish Empire. Hakluyt claims that Spain's power in the West Indies is overestimated and vulnerable. He suggests that by establishing a presence in the Americas, England could disrupt Spanish treasure shipments and support native populations currently oppressed by Spanish 'cruelties,' thereby weakening King Philip's dominance.

Strategic and National Benefits

Beyond economics and geopolitical rivalry, Hakluyt highlights internal benefits for England. He argues that colonization would bolster the Navy, increase government tax revenues, and provide an opportunity to search for a Northwest Passage to Asia. Finally, he urges immediate action to claim the territory before other nations do, asserting that England’s legal claim to North America is superior to Spain’s.