19) Demokrasi Ve Türleri-Siyasi İktidar-Anayasa Türleri | KPSS-Vatandaşlık | İsmail ERYILMAZ - 2026

Explanation of democracy as a governance model, covering the core principles of equality, rule of law, and sovereignty. Distinction between 'pluralism' (inclusive) and 'majoritarianism' (exclusive) is detailed, noting how the 1961 constitution leaned towards pluralism.

Defining direct democracy (total public participation), semi-direct democracy (participation through referendums, public initiatives, vetoes, and recall of representatives), and representative democracy (the current model in Turkey where elected officials govern for a set period).

Distinction between 'constituent power' (those creating or altering constitutions) and 'constituted power' (those operating within existing constitutions). Covers 'original constituent power' (after revolutions/coups) and 'derived constituent power' (amending existing laws).

Categorization of constitutions into written/unwritten, rigid/flexible, and framework/casuistic. Highlights that Turkey's 1921 constitution was the only flexible and framework constitution, while the 1982 constitution is rigid and casuistic.

General knowledge summary: Magna Carta as the first constitutional document, the US Constitution as the first written constitution, and the French Constitution as Europe's first written one.